# Basic Usage

**URL:** https://discourse.pumas.ai/c/basic-usage/18.md

[Latest](https://discourse.pumas.ai/latest.md) · [Categories](https://discourse.pumas.ai/categories.md)

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## [About the Basic Usage category](https://discourse.pumas.ai/t/about-the-basic-usage-category/84)

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**Author:** [@vijay](https://discourse.pumas.ai/u/vijay)\
**Replies:** 0

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## [Why this error keeps appearing even after I inputted using AlgebraOfGraphs and using PlotUtils](https://discourse.pumas.ai/t/why-this-error-keeps-appearing-even-after-i-inputted-using-algebraofgraphs-and-using-plotutils/1439)

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**Author:** [@yjzheng2023](https://discourse.pumas.ai/u/yjzheng2023)\
**Replies:** 1\
**Last updated:** [September 21, 2026, 10:20am UTC](https://discourse.pumas.ai/t/why-this-error-keeps-appearing-even-after-i-inputted-using-algebraofgraphs-and-using-plotutils/1439 "2026-09-21T10:20:00Z")

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UndefVarError: Lines not defined in Main Suggestion: check for spelling errors or missing imports. Hint: a global variable of this name may be made accessible by importing Makie in the current active module Main Hint:…

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## [LicenseSpring cache](https://discourse.pumas.ai/t/licensespring-cache/1437)

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**Author:** [@Jrenukuntla](https://discourse.pumas.ai/u/Jrenukuntla)\
**Replies:** 5\
**Last updated:** [September 14, 2026, 3:56pm UTC](https://discourse.pumas.ai/t/licensespring-cache/1437 "2026-09-14T15:56:42Z")

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Windows 11, Julia 1.11.8, Pumas 2.8.1. Project installation succeeds and project activates correctly. using Pumas fails before license entry with BundleLoader load\_bundle failed for PumasLicenseManager (rc=12). import Pu…

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## [An error that occurs when loading DeepPumas](https://discourse.pumas.ai/t/an-error-that-occurs-when-loading-deeppumas/1191)

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**Author:** [@czhLY1314](https://discourse.pumas.ai/u/czhLY1314)\
**Replies:** 6\
**Last updated:** [June 28, 2025, 2:43pm UTC](https://discourse.pumas.ai/t/an-error-that-occurs-when-loading-deeppumas/1191 "2025-06-28T14:43:04Z")

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Hi Team, When loading DeepPumas, the following error occurs. I have tried using import Pkg; Pkg.add(‘DeepPumas’) from the error report, but the problem persists. Kindly look into the error, and help me in resolving the…

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## [Define covariance of omega](https://discourse.pumas.ai/t/define-covariance-of-omega/1157)

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**Author:** [@Aleem](https://discourse.pumas.ai/u/Aleem)\
**Replies:** 1\
**Last updated:** [March 16, 2025, 9:24am UTC](https://discourse.pumas.ai/t/define-covariance-of-omega/1157 "2025-03-16T09:24:07Z")

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Hi, How could I denfine omegas with correlation to others? iparams = ( Ω = \[0.1 0.0; 0.001 0.1\], ... When fitting, the error is ERROR: PosDefException: matrix is not Hermitian; Cholesky factorization fa…

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## [Fitting error of a tumor growth model](https://discourse.pumas.ai/t/fitting-error-of-a-tumor-growth-model/1147)

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**Author:** [@Aleem](https://discourse.pumas.ai/u/Aleem)\
**Replies:** 13\
**Last updated:** [March 7, 2025, 2:31pm UTC](https://discourse.pumas.ai/t/fitting-error-of-a-tumor-growth-model/1147 "2025-03-07T14:31:51Z")

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Hi I am tryting to recaptulate a tumour model of a published study as a practice. But I encounted ERROR: MethodError: no method matching fit(::PumasModel{…}, ::Vector{…}, ::FOCE{…}) using Pumas using CSV using DataFram…

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## [Advan4 trans1 equivalent pumas code](https://discourse.pumas.ai/t/advan4-trans1-equivalent-pumas-code/1134)

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**Author:** [@yashokrajv](https://discourse.pumas.ai/u/yashokrajv)\
**Replies:** 1\
**Last updated:** [February 10, 2025, 3:39pm UTC](https://discourse.pumas.ai/t/advan4-trans1-equivalent-pumas-code/1134 "2025-02-10T15:39:03Z")

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Hi All, Looking for an equivalent pumas code to translate the below nonmem code in pre block of the model. In nonmem advan4 trans1 is implemented. KA = TVKA\*EXP(ETA(1)) K = (TVCL/TVV2)\*EXP(ETA(2)) V2 = TVV2\*EXP(ETA(3))…

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## [Sim\_plot legend issue](https://discourse.pumas.ai/t/sim-plot-legend-issue/1102)

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**Author:** [@Vaibhav](https://discourse.pumas.ai/u/Vaibhav)\
**Replies:** 1\
**Last updated:** [February 5, 2025, 3:27pm UTC](https://discourse.pumas.ai/t/sim-plot-legend-issue/1102 "2025-02-05T15:27:13Z")

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Not sure, how to change legend in sim\_plot. I do not want to move to R again and again. I saw code where ID defined in Subject is carried into simobs and then in sim\_plot, but exact same code gives legend as (sims) for m…

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## [Hover over function doesn't give detail](https://discourse.pumas.ai/t/hover-over-function-doesnt-give-detail/1103)

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**Author:** [@Vaibhav](https://discourse.pumas.ai/u/Vaibhav)\
**Replies:** 0\
**Last updated:** [December 20, 2024, 7:32am UTC](https://discourse.pumas.ai/t/hover-over-function-doesnt-give-detail/1103 "2024-12-20T07:32:11Z")

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In videos, I see that when I hover over a function name, one can see its attributes. How to activate this setting? I do not have that feature available in my Pumas version 2.6.

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## [Argument error when converting simulations to population for fitting](https://discourse.pumas.ai/t/argument-error-when-converting-simulations-to-population-for-fitting/959)

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**Author:** [@Sweilem](https://discourse.pumas.ai/u/Sweilem)\
**Replies:** 2\
**Last updated:** [November 22, 2023, 6:42pm UTC](https://discourse.pumas.ai/t/argument-error-when-converting-simulations-to-population-for-fitting/959 "2023-11-22T18:42:54Z")

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Hello, I’m getting the following error when trying to convert a simulation (simobs) to a population (simdf) ERROR: ArgumentError: column(s) amt, cmt and rate are missing from argument(s) 2 Although I do have those col…

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## [Feature request: Or is it already there?](https://discourse.pumas.ai/t/feature-request-or-is-it-already-there/900)

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**Author:** [@mjaber](https://discourse.pumas.ai/u/mjaber)\
**Replies:** 3\
**Last updated:** [July 24, 2023, 8:23pm UTC](https://discourse.pumas.ai/t/feature-request-or-is-it-already-there/900 "2023-07-24T20:23:17Z")

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Hi folks, I was thinking about this implementation to sample $\\epsilon$ with multivariate distribution. Similar to the way we handle variables in random block. Here is an example: (See comments below the code): const N…

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## [Tutorials: datasets](https://discourse.pumas.ai/t/tutorials-datasets/862)

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**Author:** [@VivMendes](https://discourse.pumas.ai/u/VivMendes)\
**Replies:** 0\
**Last updated:** [April 13, 2023, 10:55am UTC](https://discourse.pumas.ai/t/tutorials-datasets/862 "2023-04-13T10:55:54Z")

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First, let me congratulate the entire team for the outstanding set of publicly available tutorials on pumas.ai and Julia. I have a simple question: are the data sets used in the tutorials also available to the public? …

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## [Round Numbers in Dataframe](https://discourse.pumas.ai/t/round-numbers-in-dataframe/827)

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**Author:** [@parssh.mehta](https://discourse.pumas.ai/u/parssh.mehta)\
**Replies:** 5\
**Last updated:** [February 6, 2023, 7:49pm UTC](https://discourse.pumas.ai/t/round-numbers-in-dataframe/827 "2023-02-06T19:49:11Z")

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Hi, 1\]. Is there a way to round all columns to sigdigits=3 in a dataframe from a simulation? 2\]. Is there a faster way to download a written CSV, sometimes, when I try to download a dataframe with a large population of…

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## [How to use regressors?](https://discourse.pumas.ai/t/how-to-use-regressors/803)

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**Author:** [@pascalschulthess](https://discourse.pumas.ai/u/pascalschulthess)\
**Replies:** 2\
**Last updated:** [December 5, 2022, 2:48pm UTC](https://discourse.pumas.ai/t/how-to-use-regressors/803 "2022-12-05T14:48:54Z")

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How do I make use of regressors? To be more specific: I have a dataset with PD measurements after a number of different doses described by the :dosegrp column. Now, I’m trying to set up a simple turnover model such as d…

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## [How to bold plot labels in Pumas?](https://discourse.pumas.ai/t/how-to-bold-plot-labels-in-pumas/781)

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**Author:** [@Rahulub3r](https://discourse.pumas.ai/u/Rahulub3r)\
**Replies:** 4\
**Last updated:** [October 22, 2022, 10:20pm UTC](https://discourse.pumas.ai/t/how-to-bold-plot-labels-in-pumas/781 "2022-10-22T22:20:25Z")

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Hi - I was trying to use this code from the documentation (Plotting · Pumas): figures = observations\_vs\_time( pkpain\_nca; axis = ( xlabel = "Time (hours)", ylabel = "CTMX Conc…

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## [Conditional model](https://discourse.pumas.ai/t/conditional-model/750)

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**Author:** [@KVTobin](https://discourse.pumas.ai/u/KVTobin)\
**Replies:** 1\
**Last updated:** [September 1, 2022, 8:05pm UTC](https://discourse.pumas.ai/t/conditional-model/750 "2022-09-01T20:05:09Z")

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I am trying to create a model to simulate zero order dissolution. I want to recreate something like this: Here is my original model: model\_zero = @model begin @metadata begin desc = "Dissolution model Ze…

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## [MLJScikitLearn Interface Import Error](https://discourse.pumas.ai/t/mljscikitlearn-interface-import-error/739)

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**Author:** [@albertc100](https://discourse.pumas.ai/u/albertc100)\
**Replies:** 5\
**Last updated:** [August 4, 2022, 1:03pm UTC](https://discourse.pumas.ai/t/mljscikitlearn-interface-import-error/739 "2022-08-04T13:03:43Z")

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Hello, I am rather new to the forums, and I came across an interesting error in Pumas while trying to fit a model: import MLJScikitLearnInterface\[ Info: Installing sklearn via the Conda scikit-learn package... \[ Info: …

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## [Something wrong when using goodness\_of\_fit](https://discourse.pumas.ai/t/something-wrong-when-using-goodness-of-fit/712)

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**Author:** [@KVTobin](https://discourse.pumas.ai/u/KVTobin)\
**Replies:** 13\
**Last updated:** [June 28, 2022, 3:41pm UTC](https://discourse.pumas.ai/t/something-wrong-when-using-goodness-of-fit/712 "2022-06-28T15:41:51Z")

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Hey All, I am trying to analyze my fitted data using goodness\_of\_fit, but it does not seem to work with the dataframe I made. I get the error: goodness\_of\_fit cannot be plotted into a single axis.\` I have a dataframe be…

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## [Using "@." in JuliaHub](https://discourse.pumas.ai/t/using-in-juliahub/704)

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**Author:** [@KVTobin](https://discourse.pumas.ai/u/KVTobin)\
**Replies:** 3\
**Last updated:** [June 20, 2022, 8:27pm UTC](https://discourse.pumas.ai/t/using-in-juliahub/704 "2022-06-20T20:27:01Z")

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What is the purpose of using @.? It says it converts every function call or operator in expr into a "dot call. What does that do for me?

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## [Model with mixed zero and first order absorption and lag time](https://discourse.pumas.ai/t/model-with-mixed-zero-and-first-order-absorption-and-lag-time/697)

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**Author:** [@Sweilem](https://discourse.pumas.ai/u/Sweilem)\
**Replies:** 8\
**Last updated:** [June 11, 2022, 10:32pm UTC](https://discourse.pumas.ai/t/model-with-mixed-zero-and-first-order-absorption-and-lag-time/697 "2022-06-11T22:32:52Z")

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Hello, I’m working on a mixed zero and first order absorption and lag time and I added a column rate -2 for zero-order absorption at time zero to my dataset as I understood from the tutorials, I’m stuck with the followi…

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## [Getting prediction when EVID = 1](https://discourse.pumas.ai/t/getting-prediction-when-evid-1/695)

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**Author:** [@Dawoon](https://discourse.pumas.ai/u/Dawoon)\
**Replies:** 4\
**Last updated:** [June 10, 2022, 2:40pm UTC](https://discourse.pumas.ai/t/getting-prediction-when-evid-1/695 "2022-06-10T14:40:26Z")

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Hello, I have a question about getting prediction when EVID = 1. Seems both inspect() and predict() don’t provide predictions at the time points when EVID = 1. Currently, I am working around by setting dense obstimes an…

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## [T optimal experimental designs](https://discourse.pumas.ai/t/t-optimal-experimental-designs/574)

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**Author:** [@ArnoStrouwen](https://discourse.pumas.ai/u/ArnoStrouwen)\
**Replies:** 3\
**Last updated:** [January 17, 2022, 11:48am UTC](https://discourse.pumas.ai/t/t-optimal-experimental-designs/574 "2022-01-17T11:48:15Z")

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What kind of measure of the FIM do T optimal designs optimize? I do not think this is documented currently?

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## [Bioavailability clarification](https://discourse.pumas.ai/t/bioavailability-clarification/440)

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**Author:** [@sai\_matcha](https://discourse.pumas.ai/u/sai_matcha)\
**Replies:** 4\
**Last updated:** [November 28, 2020, 5:12pm UTC](https://discourse.pumas.ai/t/bioavailability-clarification/440 "2020-11-28T17:12:37Z")

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I have two drugs which were administered in two different compartments. Both have different bioavailability values. can I use bioav1 = (Depot1 = tvbio1, Central = 1-tvbio1) bioav2 = (Depot2 = tvbio2, Central = 1-tvbio…

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## [Problem running simulations using a function-based interface model definition](https://discourse.pumas.ai/t/problem-running-simulations-using-a-function-based-interface-model-definition/409)

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**Author:** [@vicp](https://discourse.pumas.ai/u/vicp)\
**Replies:** 3\
**Last updated:** [September 4, 2020, 11:53am UTC](https://discourse.pumas.ai/t/problem-running-simulations-using-a-function-based-interface-model-definition/409 "2020-09-04T11:53:41Z")

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Hi! I am having trouble using the “function-based interface” to define a Pumas model and then run simulations. I hope you could help me figure it out. I am using the example code from the function-based interface docume…

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## [Error using PumasTutorials](https://discourse.pumas.ai/t/error-using-pumastutorials/406)

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**Author:** [@jaimesasso](https://discourse.pumas.ai/u/jaimesasso)\
**Replies:** 2\
**Last updated:** [September 2, 2020, 4:13pm UTC](https://discourse.pumas.ai/t/error-using-pumastutorials/406 "2020-09-02T16:13:04Z")

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Hi everyone, nice to meet you, could you help me to fix this issue? I am trying to perform this tutorial and I get this 2 ERROR: https://tutorials.pumas.ai/html/introduction/introduction.html Thank you and regards from…

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## [Trying to transfer code from tutorial](https://discourse.pumas.ai/t/trying-to-transfer-code-from-tutorial/395)

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**Author:** [@sstodtmann](https://discourse.pumas.ai/u/sstodtmann)\
**Replies:** 6\
**Last updated:** [August 18, 2020, 1:25pm UTC](https://discourse.pumas.ai/t/trying-to-transfer-code-from-tutorial/395 "2020-08-18T13:25:31Z")

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Hi, I am currently trying to step through the tutorial posted at https://tutorials.pumas.ai/html/introduction/introduction.html (side note, a lot of the documentation links are not being found because they have an exta…

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## [EVID=4 in Dataset](https://discourse.pumas.ai/t/evid-4-in-dataset/366)

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**Author:** [@PavanVaddady](https://discourse.pumas.ai/u/PavanVaddady)\
**Replies:** 3\
**Last updated:** [June 21, 2020, 5:21pm UTC](https://discourse.pumas.ai/t/evid-4-in-dataset/366 "2020-06-21T17:21:06Z")

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Hi all, I was wondering if we need to restructure data when we have EVID=4 in the NONMEM datasets for estimating using Pumas. I am getting the following error when I use read\_pumas function to read such a NONMEM dataset…

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## [Categorical Covariates](https://discourse.pumas.ai/t/categorical-covariates/345)

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**Author:** [@PavanVaddady](https://discourse.pumas.ai/u/PavanVaddady)\
**Replies:** 2\
**Last updated:** [May 17, 2020, 9:17pm UTC](https://discourse.pumas.ai/t/categorical-covariates/345 "2020-05-17T21:17:33Z")

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Hi, Can you help me understand the syntax on how to set up categorical covariates as part of the model? For example, I am looking for conditional statements: IF(GENDER=MALE) xxx IF(GENDER=FEMALE) xxx etc Thanks, Pav…

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## [@covariates not working](https://discourse.pumas.ai/t/covariates-not-working/322)

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**Author:** [@alewolf](https://discourse.pumas.ai/u/alewolf)\
**Replies:** 2\
**Last updated:** [April 17, 2020, 4:37pm UTC](https://discourse.pumas.ai/t/covariates-not-working/322 "2020-04-17T16:37:03Z")

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I have a model I define the @covariates begin CLS V1S kshd end and then use CLS in my dynamic section I get message that: Unknown symbol CLS detected If I define CLS =1 in @pre, model lo…

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## [Error in Simulation using specific obstimes](https://discourse.pumas.ai/t/error-in-simulation-using-specific-obstimes/321)

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**Author:** [@parssh.mehta](https://discourse.pumas.ai/u/parssh.mehta)\
**Replies:** 2\
**Last updated:** [April 17, 2020, 3:26am UTC](https://discourse.pumas.ai/t/error-in-simulation-using-specific-obstimes/321 "2020-04-17T03:26:52Z")

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Hi All, Please can you help me with this issue. I am trying to simulate specific obstimes for a 3 subjects with different values of the covariate. But I see that the when I try to simulate specific obstimes it gives ou…

[Next page](https://discourse.pumas.ai/c/basic-usage/18.md?page=1)